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''ラテン語:Alea iacta est'' ("The die is cast") is a Latin phrase attributed by Suetonius (as ''ラテン語:iacta alea est'' (:ˈjakta ˈaːlea est)) to Julius Caesar on January 10, 49 BC as he led his army across the River Rubicon in Northern Italy. With this step, he entered Italy at the head of his army in defiance of the Senate and began his long civil war against Pompey and the Optimates. The phrase has been adopted in Italian (), Spanish (), French (フランス語:Les dés sont jetés), Portuguese (), Greek (), Dutch (), German (ドイツ語:Der Würfel ist gefallen), Polish () and many other languages to indicate that events have passed a point of no return. ==Meaning and forms== The historian Frances Titchener has given a stylized description of the context of Caesar's pronouncement: Caesar was said to have borrowed the phrase from Menander, his favourite Greek writer of comedy; the phrase appears in “Ἀρρηφόρος” (''Arrephoros,'') (or possibly “The Flute-Girl”), as quoted in ''Deipnosophistae,'' (Book 13 ), paragraph 8. Plutarch reports that these words were said in Greek: Suetonius, a contemporary of Plutarch writing in Latin, reports a similar phrase. ''Lewis and Short'', citing Casaubon and Ruhnk, suggest that the text of Suetonius should read ''Iacta alea esto'' (reading the imperative ESTO instead of EST), which they translate as "Let the die be cast!", or "Let the game be ventured!". This matches Plutarch's use of third-person singular middle/passive perfect imperative of ,〔.〕 i.e. (', ). By the first century AD ''alea'' refers to the early form of backgammon that was played in Caesar's time. Augustus (Octavian) mentions winning this game in a letter. Dice were common in Roman times, and generally known in Latin as ''cubus'' and in Greek as ''kybos'' "die" and ''kybeia'' "dice-playing".〔, .〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「alea iacta est」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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